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hack writer
Hack writer is a colloquial and usually pejorative term used to refer to a writer who is paid to write low-quality, rushed articles or books "to order", often with a short deadline. In a fiction-writing context, the term is used to describe writers who are paid to churn out sensational, lower-quality "pulp" fiction such as "true crime" novels or "bodice ripping" paperbacks. In journalism, the term is used to describe a writer who is deemed to operate as a "mercenary" or "pen for hire", expressing their client's political opinions in pamphlets or newspaper articles. So-called "hack writers" are usually paid by the number of words in their book or article; as a result, hack writing has a reputation for quantity taking precedence over quality.
==History==
The term "hack writer" was first used in the 18th century, "when publishing was establishing itself as a business employing writers who could produce to order." 〔Robert Fulford. "When hacks attract: Serious artists are drawn to tales of mercenary scribes. In ''The National Post'', 19 August 2003. Available at: http://www.robertfulford.com/2003-08-19-hacks.html〕 The derivation of the term "hack" was a "shortening of hackney, which described a horse that was easy to ride and available for hire."〔 In 1728, Alexander Pope wrote ''The Dunciad'', which was a satire of "the Grub-street Race" of commercial writers who worked in Grub Street, a London district that was home to a bohemian counterculture of impoverished writers and poets. In the late 19th century, Anthony Trollope's novel ''The Way We Live Now'' (1875) depicts a female hack writer whose career was built on social connections rather than writing skill.〔
Many authors who would later become famous worked as low-paid hack writers early in their careers, or during a downturn in their fortunes. As a young man, Anton Chekhov had to support his family by writing short newspaper articles; Arthur Koestler penned a dubious ''Dictionary of Sexuality'' for the popular press; Samuel Beckett translated for the French ''Reader's Digest''; and William Faulkner churned out Hollywood scripts.〔
A number of films have depicted hack writers, perhaps because the way these authors are "prostituting" their creative talents makes them an interesting character study. In the film adaptation of Carol Reed's ''The Third Man'' (1949), author Graham Greene added a hard-drinking hack writer named Holly Martins. In Jean-Luc Godard's film ''Contempt'' (1964), a hack screenwriter is paid to doctor a script. In the film ''Adaptation.'' (2002), Nicolas Cage depicts an ill-educated character named Donald Kaufman who finds he has a knack for churning out cliché-filled movie scripts.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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